https://www.farhangeilam.ir/ a scientific journal of ilam culture en daily 1 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243868.html Urbanization is a dynamic and expanding process characterized by the concentrationof population, economic activities, and the provision of social services. While it plays asignificant role in urban development, it also introduces new challenges, particularlyin the face of natural and human-induced crises. The rapid growth of urbanization,alongside creating employment opportunities, has heightened the vulnerability of citiesand underscored the necessity of strengthening urban resilience in the contemporaryworld. The present study aims to evaluate the dimensions of urban resilience againstpandemics in the city of Ilam. The statistical population includes all residents of Ilamcity, totaling 194,030 people. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 383 participantswas selected. Data analysis was performed using quantitative methods through SPSSand AMOS software. The results of the one-sample t-test revealed that, from citizens’perspectives, Ilam lacks adequate preparedness to manage health crises and return tonormal conditions. Weaknesses in resilience were observed in households’ dependenceon government support, limited social participation, insufficient health infrastructure,and institutional incoordination. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling resultsindicated that the physical–infrastructural dimension, with a factor loading of 0.96, hasthe greatest influence on urban resilience, while the social dimension, with a factorloading of 0.57, plays the least significant role. This finding highlights the importanceof enhancing social capital, increasing public awareness, and strengthening citizenparticipation. Accordingly, developing participatory policies, improving civic education,and upgrading public service infrastructure can play a crucial role in strengthening urbanresilience in Ilam. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243872.html The current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between piety and its dimensions with women's social hope. The research method used in this study is based on a quantitative approach, in terms of practical purpose and based on the method of data collection, it is a survey. The statistical population includes all women aged 19 years and older in Darreh Shahr, 365 of whom were selected as a statistical sample using a proportional stratified sampling method. The validity of the tool was confirmed by content method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability. Statistical data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The findings of the research showed that the level of social hope of women is higher than the average level. Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between piety and women's social hope, and a direct and significant relationship was observed between the four dimensions of piety and women's social hope. In addition, there was a significant difference between marital status and education, social hope, and there was a significant relationship between age and the level of social hope. However, there was no significant difference between employment and social hope. It can be concluded that to increase women's social hope, it is essential to strengthen their piety, especially in the field of knowledge and emotional variables. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243873.html Background and Objective: The phenomenon of suicide in Ilam Province, as one of the underprivileged and war-affected regions of Iran, has reached a critical level in recent decades. Although numerous studies have examined the psychological, social, and cultural factors of suicide in this province, the analysis of how it is represented in official political discourses has been neglected. The present study aims to conduct a critical discourse analysis of the representation of suicide across different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with a focus on Ilam Province. Methodology: In this study, data were inductively extracted from official texts, documents, and narratives and organized through a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective coding). The research population comprised official, media, and governmental documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1989 to 2024. Purposive sampling was employed, and the data were analyzed using Fairclough’s three-level framework for critical discourse analysis (description, interpretation, explanation). Findings: The findings revealed that each government, based on the central signifier of its discourse, produced a distinct discursive constellation regarding suicide, including denial (Constructionist government), limited taboo-breaking (Reformist government), moralization (Justice government), limited acknowledgment (Moderate government), and securitization (Resistance government). Analysis of provincial data from Ilam indicates that the absence of mental health policies, economic failure, cultural pressures, and lived experiences of war interact with these political representations. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that suicide is not merely a psychological or statistical phenomenon, but a discursive construct produced and naturalized through the official language of governments, highlighting the necessity for a critical rethinking of policy-making. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243874.html The emergence and development of megalithic cemeteries is one of the important cultural developments of the Central Zagros region at first half of the third millennium BC. So far, no comprehensive study has been conducted on these cemeteries and the nature of their formation is unclear. The subject of the present study is to introduce and explain the nature of the formation of these cemeteries, but since the most extensive and coherent archaeological studies related to these cemeteries have been conducted in Pusht-i Kuh, the cemeteries of this area were the criterion for the study. However, in introducing various aspects of the cemeteries, references have also been made to the findings discovered in the Pish-kuh areas. The main question is what is the nature of the formation of megalithic cemeteries? However, issues such as the form and structure of architecture as well as the typology of cemeteries have also been discussed. This study was conducted using field and documentary methods and in a descriptive-analytical manner. According to the research findings, one of the important regional cultures that emerged as a result of the collapse of the Uruk culture is the Jamdat Nasr - Early Dynasties, which developed well in the areas of Hamrin, Diyala, Pusht-i Kuh and Dehloran and manifested itself in the emergence of a series of common customs and traditions. One of the important customs that became popular at this time is the use of tomb-shaped graves, the relevant evidence of which has been discovered in all areas of this area, especially in Pusht-i Kuh and Hamrin. Considering the local materials, brick tombs became popular in the foothill plains of Hamrin, Diyala, and Dehloran, and megalithic tombs in the mountainous area of Pusht-i Kuh, which spreads throughout the central Zagros as a result of the prosperity of the nomadic lifestyle. The amount of work and energy required to build megalithic tombs was considerable, indicating the existence of powerful societies that relied on coherent organization. It is likely that at this time there were various social groups in the central Zagros that left behind similar cultural features. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243875.html The production of solid waste increases due to the increase of human societies and the development of cities, which can provide the ground for environmental pollution. Accordingly, in order to protect the ecosystem, we must pay more attention to solid waste management. In this research, the aim is to evaluate Darrehshahr waste management and provide effective drivers for it. The present research is theoretical-applied in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of study method. Library and field methods were used to collect information. The statistical population of the study included citizens and experts who based on Cochran's formula 370 questionnaires were randomly distributed among citizens. The statistical population of experts was 30 people and the questionnaire was distributed based on the method of snowmobile. Geographic Information System (GIS), SPSS software and MicMac software were used to analyze the data. The results of the research based on the GIS showed that the landfill in the study area is in a moderate and suitable condition. Also, according to t-test, Darrehshahr waste management is in an unfavorable situation. The results of Mick Mac for effective propulsion also show that the adoption of municipal budget and investment in the implementation of recycling, the attention of officials to the recycling and compost industries, planning and execution of waste operations, the use of advanced technologies, the use of successful cities in the field of waste management and recycling and paying attention to the separation plan from the source are the determining or influential factors on waste management in Darrehshahr. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243876.html Entrepreneurship is recognized as a fundamental strategy for sustainable development and increasing societal competitiveness, requiring the maximum utilization of all human capacities. The role of women, as half of the human capital, is therefore of high importance in advancing entrepreneurial goals. With their significant potential for innovation and economic value creation, women have garnered the attention of policymakers and international organizations in recent decades. However, the entrepreneurial potential of educated, but not yet active, women—who can be considered the "hidden gold" of society—is often overlooked. Despite their high capabilities, these women frequently face invisible structural, social, and cultural barriers, such as the "glass ceiling," that prevents the full realization of their potential. Consequently, creating a suitable environment to identify, empower, and facilitate the participation of these women in entrepreneurship is essential for achieving sustainable development. To this end, this study examined 384 educated women over the age of 25 in Ilam using a survey method and a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS. The findings indicate that Ilam women's inclination toward entrepreneurship primarily stems from internal factors, such as personality traits and strong motivations. In contrast, business barriers—especially structural and economic issues (lack of capital, legal complexities, economic instability, and weak infrastructure) and external factors (an unfavorable economic climate and support for large businesses)—severely reduce this inclination. To foster women's entrepreneurship in Ilam, it is crucial to remove economic and structural barriers, facilitate access to financial resources, and provide skill-building and specialized empowerment, which will help local businesses and development flourish. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243877.html Aiming at developing a framework for attracting and retaining current account customers of Sepah Bank, the current research was conducted with an inductive approach and based on the strategy of thematic analysis. In terms of the method of data collection, it was descriptive-survey and was analyzed with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative part, the findings showed that 6 main categories including brand environment, employee management, brand resonance, customer attraction, customer retention and strategic factors were extracted. Also, 14 subcategories and 58 initial codes were obtained. In the quantitative part, based on structural equation modeling and using AMOS software, the findings indicated a positive and significant effect of brand environment, employee management, brand resonance and strategic factors on the attraction and retention of current account customers of Sepah Bank. Since no research has been done in the field of current interest loan accounts in the field of customer attraction and retention, the results of this research can open the way to attract and retain customers in this type of accounts. https://www.farhangeilam.ir/article_243878.html Special economic zones (SEZs) are more exposed to development than other areas. Urban management, as one of the key factors in directing and organizing urban and economic development processes, plays a decisive role in achieving the sustainable development of these zones. This study examines and evaluates the role of urban management in the sustainable development of special economic zones. For this research, the city of Mehran in Ilam Province was chosen. Mehran, located in western Iran near the Iran-Iraq border, holds significant importance in trade and transit between the two countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of urban management in the sustainable development of Mehran, analyze the impact of urban management on the city's economic and environmental development, and provide recommendations and solutions for urban managers. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 329 citizens, collected through simple random sampling, and analyzed using Spearman's correlation test and one-sample T-test. The findings of the study indicate that urban management in Mehran, as a case example of special economic zones, plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development. Key factors for attaining this goal include optimizing resource usage, enhancing infrastructure, and balancing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Furthermore, coordination among organizations, public participation, and strengthening regional cooperation can contribute to the sustainable development of the city.